06
Reservoirs of metal; industrial storage tanks of metal at
low heat; refrigerated and cryogenic storage tank of metal
for industrial use; tanks of metal for storages of liquid
fuel; metal storage containers; offshore platforms; loading
and unloading pallets of metal; turn-tables for load
handling; traversers for load handling; artificial fish
reefs of metal; poultry cages of metal; paint spraying
booths of metal; metal molds for forming cement products;
railway points; road signs of metal not luminous nor
mechanical; beacons of metal non-luminous; industrial water
storage tanks of metal; liquefied gas storage tanks of
metal; gas storage tanks of metal; internal floating lids of
aluminum for use with gas or liquefied gas storage tanks;
metal pulleys, springs and valves not including machine
elements; metal junctions for pipes; metal flanges; keys;
cotter pins
07
Wheel loader and their parts and fittings; load-haul-dump
vehicles and their parts and fittings; concrete paving
machines and their parts and fittings; mining machines and
apparatus and their parts and fittings; construction
machines and apparatus and their parts and fittings;
loading-unloading machines and apparatus and their parts and
fittings; snow ploughs and their parts and fittings;
lumbering, woodworking, or veneer or plywood making machines
and apparatus; plowing machines and implements other than
hand-held tools; cultivating machines and implements;
harvesting machines and implements; plant fiber processing
machines and implements for making agricultural aids of
crude vegetable fibrous materials; fodder presses; fodder
cutting machines or feed cutters; fodder mixing machines or
feed mixers; cake-fodder crushing machines or feed mills;
non-electric prime movers not for land vehicles other than
water mills and wind mills; pneumatic or hydraulic machines
and instruments; shafts, axles or spindles not for land
vehicles; bearings not for land vehicles; shaft couplings or
connectors not for land vehicles; power transmissions and
gearing for machines not for vehicles; shock absorbers not
for land vehicles; springs not for land vehicles; brakes not
for land vehicles; valves not for land vehicles; lawnmowers;
starters for motors and engines; AC motors and DC motors not
including those for land vehicles but including parts for AC
motors and DC motors; AC generators or alternators; DC
generators; brush cutter; hedge trimmer; agricultural
machines; agricultural implements other than hand-operated;
gas turbines not for land vehicles; generators of
electricity; small-sized gas turbines for activating pumps;
mobile electric power generators; waste compacting machines
and apparatus; waste crushing machines; washing or cleaning
apparatus for LCD, integrated circuits or semiconductors,
solar panels; LCD manufacturing machines and apparatus;
semiconductor manufacturing machines and apparatus;
integrated circuit manufacturing machines and apparatus;
solar battery manufacturing machines and apparatus; plastic
processing machines and apparatus; laser metalworking
machines and apparatus; glass working machines and
apparatus; textile machines and apparatus; movable floor
lifting machines and apparatus; pneumatic transporters;
sorting machines for industry; vibration sieving machines
for industrial use; metalworking machines and tools;
material supplying devices for metalworking; washing
apparatus; solar power generation units; solid state
electrical power generator; biomass power generation
equipment; gas engines not for land vehicles; industrial
waste disposal machines and apparatus; waste recycling
equipment; hydro power generator units; hydroelectric
turbines; wind turbines; tidal energy generator and
apparatus; washing apparatus for aircraft; vehicle washing
installations; automatic luggage handling machines
[manipulators] for airports; baggage handling equipment at
airport; chemical processing machines and apparatus; waste
carbonization processing equipment; fuel tanks for internal
combustion engines other than for land vehicles; exhaust gas
treatment equipment for rocket engines other than for land
vehicles; installations, machine systems, devices and
components and equipment therefor, all for the construction,
cleaning and/or remediation of pipelines, as far as included
in this class; waste disposing and recycle processing
equipment; waste disposers pyrolyzing hazardous substances;
waste disposing equipments for producing methane gas with
fermented organic waste; equipment for making fly ash bricks
from incinerated waste by cement; stone working machines and
apparatus; crushing machines for forming cement; crushing
machines for refining nonferrous metals; waste disposing
equipment; tunnel boring machines; shield tunneling
machines; pneumatic or hydraulic transporters for heavy
loads; reduction gear for turbines; turbines not for land
vehicles; organic rankine cycle turbo generator; organic
rankine cycle turbo generator unit; steam turbines; diesel
engines not for land vehicles and their parts and fittings;
generators and their parts and fittings; superchargers or
turbochargers and their parts and fittings; couplings or
connectors not for land vehicles; turbo blowers not for
specified purposes; compressors not for specified purposes;
steam compressors; centrifugal compressors not for specified
purposes; robots [machines]; industrial robots; propulsion
mechanisms other than for land vehicles; hydraulic door
openers and closers for railway vehicles; electric door
openers and closers for railway vehicles; pumps not for
specified purposes; hydraulic motors; hydraulic
transmission; hydraulic cylinders; hydraulic metalworking
machines and tools; hydraulic mining machines and apparatus;
hydraulic construction machines and apparatus; hydraulic
loading-unloading machines and apparatus; washing
installations for bearings of railway rolling stock; high
pressure washers; net hauling machines for fishing; food or
beverage processing machines and apparatus; painting
machines and apparatus; gasoline engines not for land
vehicles; steam engines for vessels; jet engines not for
land vehicles; rocket engines not for land vehicles;
hydraulic valves; hydraulic actuators; hydraulic control
apparatus for non-electric prime movers; servo motors not
for land vehicles; hydraulic control apparatus for
metalworking machines and tools; hydraulic control apparatus
for mining machines and apparatus; pulp-making, papermaking
or paper-working machines and apparatus; printing or
bookbinding machines and apparatus; sewing machines; shoe
making machines; leather tanning machines; tobacco
processing machines; glassware manufacturing machines and
apparatus; packaging or wrapping machines and apparatus;
power-operated potters' wheels; machines and apparatus for
manufacturing rubber goods; parts for non-electric prime
movers for land vehicles; adhesive tape dispensing machines;
automatic stamping machines; electric washing machines for
industrial purposes; machines and machine tools for
repairing and fixing leaks; mechanical parking systems; food
mixing machines for commercial use; food peeling machines
for commercial use; dish washing machines for industrial
purposes; food cutting, chopping and slicing machines for
commercial use; electric wax-polishing machines for
industrial purposes; vacuum cleaners for industrial
purposes; curtain drawing devices electrically operated;
hydraulic pumps not for specific purposes; machine elements
not for land vehicles; waste processing machines using
plasma enhanced melter processes; boilers for non-electric
prime movers and engines; parts of non-electric prime movers
for land vehicles; thrusters for vessels; propulsion
equipment for vessels; lifting apparatus for floorboards
using air-pressure
09
Power consumption controlling machines and apparatus; power
source controlling machines and apparatus; solar batteries;
photovoltaic solar panels; electrical controlling devices;
computer software for controlling generators; computer
software for monitoring and managing power consumption;
power distribution or control machines and apparatus;
electric power converter; contactless or isolated electric
power transporting equipment and apparatus; battery charging
apparatus for electric vehicles; laboratory apparatus and
instruments; measuring or testing machines and instruments;
electronic machines and apparatus; automated cell culture
machines and apparatus for laboratory; computer software
managing logistic system for medical users; fire fighting
simulators comprised of smoke generators and fire
extinguishing water detectors; computer programs for
operating equipment for aircraft hangars; simulators of the
steering, control and maintenance for land, aerial or marine
vehicles; wind-tunnel testing apparatus; calibration devices
for calibrating balance automatically; automatic balance
calibration machines; testing apparatus in the nature of a
wind tunnel; controllers for manometers; constant
temperature controllers; thermal conditioning apparatus for
pressure transducer; simulators of the steering and control
for land, aerial or marine vehicles; measuring or testing
machines and instruments of performance for airplane;
electric or magnetic meters and testers of performance of
airplane; computers and computer software to measure
performance of airplane; test bench equipments for air
vehicles; simulators for the flight training of air
vehicles; simulators for the weapon and tactical training of
air vehicles; simulators for the maintenance training of air
vehicles; battery; power converter; power supplying and
stabilizing machines and apparatus; battery storage device
for railway vehicles; capacitors for electricity
distribution and for electricity distribution control;
nickel-metal hydride storage batteries for power generating
systems; nickel-hydrogen electrical storage cells;
rechargeable electric batteries; accumulators for
electricity distribution and electricity distribution
control; power distribution or control machines; electrical
power distribution blocks and units; electrical distribution
systems; power distribution panels; video camera
controllers; camera stabilizer; security cameras;
telecommunication devices and apparatus; hold baggage
screening machines; hold baggage screening system; current
collecting equipment for railway cars; electronic apparatus
for controlling the performance of an aircraft
10
Automated cell culture machines and apparatus for medical
use; medical machines and apparatus; surgical robots; robots
for medical purpose
11
Boilers, other than parts of prime movers, engines; heat
exchangers not parts of machines; nuclear reactors;
flammable gas removal equipments for nuclear power facility;
gasification furnaces for industrial purposes; pyrolysis
furnaces for waste disposal; garbage incinerators; pressure
vessels, specially adapted for nuclear reactors; heating
furnaces for chemical plants; coal drying apparatus for
cokes oven; tube dryer for cokes oven coal; tube dryer for
high moisture brown coal; drying apparatus for industrial
use; flue gas desulfurization equipments; sewage treatment
equipment; methane ferment machines and apparatus for sewage
disposal; sludge treatment equipment; water purification
installations; calcining furnaces for industrial purposes;
coolers for use in the cement industry; rotary kilns for
industrial purposes; electric furnaces for industrial
purposes; ventilation installations and apparatus;
ionization apparatus for the treatment of air or water;
light-emitting diodes [LED] electric lamps and LED lighting
apparatus; recuperators for chemical processing; steamers
for chemical processing; evaporators for chemical
processing; distillers for chemical processing; milk
sterilizers; industrial furnaces; forage drying apparatus;
air-conditioning apparatus for industrial purposes; freezing
machines and apparatus; electric laundry dryers for
industrial purposes; hair driers and steamers for use in
beauty salons; cooking apparatus and installations;
industrial dish drying apparatus and installations; waste
water treatment tanks for industrial purposes; septic tanks
for industrial purposes; solar water heaters; water
purifying apparatus; tap water faucets; level controlling
valves for tanks; pipe line cocks
12
Unloading tipplers for tilting railway freight cars; pusher
cars for mining; puller cars for mining; ropeways for cargo
or freight handling; traction engine; non-electric prime
movers for land vehicles, not including their parts; shafts,
axles or spindles for land vehicles; bearings for land
vehicles; shaft couplings or connectors for land vehicles;
power transmissions and gearing for vehicles; shock
absorbers for land vehicles; springs for land vehicles;
brakes for land vehicles; anti-theft alarms for vehicles; AC
motors or DC motors for land vehicles not including their
parts; vessels and their parts and fittings; air-cushion
vehicles; automobiles and their parts and fittings;
two-wheeled motor vehicles, bicycles and their parts and
fittings; carts; adhesive rubber patches for repairing tubes
or tires; baby carriages or prams; rickshaws; wheelbarrows;
horse drawn carriages; bicycle trailers (riyakah); trailers;
steam turbines for vessels; aircraft and their parts and
fittings; personal water crafts and their parts and
fittings; screw propellers for vessels; vessel control
gears; helicopters and their parts and fittings; unmanned
aerial vehicles; electric railway cars; locomotives;
protection cover with heating for railway cars; railway
rolling stock and their parts and fittings; seats of railway
cars; luggage racks for railway cars; bodies for railway
cars; wheels for railway cars; undercarriages for railway
cars; chassis for railway cars; hand straps for railway
cars; doors for railway cars; railway couplings;
transmission components for land vehicles; floating
production, storage and offloading vessel; high speed
railway vehicles; electric locomotives; subway car or
underground railway; railway passenger cars; reduction gear
for vessels; sleighs and sleds for vehicle; parachutes;
latches being parts or fittings of railway rolling stock;
launches; dollies [hand trucks]; carts
14
Key rings, trinkets or fobs; personal ornaments [jewellery,
other than cuff links]; cuff links; shoe ornaments of
precious metal; clocks and watches; buckles for watch
16
Modelling paste; correcting ink for heliography; printers'
blankets not of textile; printing types; address plates for
addressing machines; non-electric credit card imprinters;
typewriters; hand labelling appliances; bookbinding
apparatus and machines for offices; envelope sealing
machines for offices; document laminators for office use;
inking sheets for document reproducing machines; paper
shredders for office use; franking machines for office use;
stencils; stapling presses for office use; french curves;
punches for office use; drawing t-squares; drawing pens;
compasses for drawing; drawing materials; square rulers;
pencil sharpeners; paint trays; house painters' rollers;
graining combs; conical paper bags; hat boxes of cardboard;
boxes of cardboard or paper; packing paper; bottle envelopes
of cardboard or paper; bottle wrappers of cardboard or
paper; wrapping paper; cardboard tubes; plastic bubble packs
for wrapping or packaging; plastic film for wrapping;
elastic bands for offices; mats for beer glasses; coasters
of paper; paper coffee filters; table linen of paper;
garbage bags of paper or of plastics; embroidery designs or
patterns; tailors' chalk; marking chalk; towels of paper;
hygienic paper; bookends; cabinets for stationery in office
use; portraits; passport holders; money clips; architects'
models; plastics for modelling; toilet paper; filtering
materials of paper; filter paper; xuan paper for Chinese
painting and calligraphy; paper for recording machines;
blotters; sheets of reclaimed cellulose for wrapping; wood
pulp paper; paper sheets for stationery; address stamps;
albums; indexes; cards; greeting cards; clipboards;
bookmarkers; pencil lead holders; scrapbooks; ink stones or
reservoirs; inking pads; stickers for stationery; note
books; pastels; crayons; paper ribbons; pens; marking pens
for stationery; musical greeting cards; labels not of
textile; loose-leaf binders; seals or stamps; stamp pads;
stamp stands; cases for stamps or seals; pencils; drawing
pins; paint boxes for use in school; arithmetical tables;
blackboards; finger-stalls for office use; clips for
offices; files for office use; paper knives or cutters for
office use; scrapers or erasers for offices; apparatus for
mounting photographs; letter trays; document holders for
stationery; jackets for papers; rubber erasers;
electrocardiograph paper; charts; adhesive tape dispensers
for office use; ledgers; terrestrial globes; engraving
plates; writing instruments; writing cases; sealing wafers;
sealing stamps; envelopes for stationery; copying paper for
stationery; paperweights; writing pads; wrappers for
stationery; fountain pens; modelling clay; writing brushes;
wood pulp board for stationery; charcoal pencils; postcards;
instructional and teaching materials excluding apparatus;
cigar bands; catalogues; calendars; graphic prints; tickets;
newsletters; handbooks and manuals; pamphlets; posters;
printed matter; song books; magazines; printed publications;
books; booklets; newspapers; blueprints; drawings and plans;
prospectuses; geographical maps; atlases; periodicals;
almanacs; comic books; pictures; aquarelles; oleographs;
photographs; photograph stands; flyers; postage stamps;
corrugated board products; printed emblems; baggage tags;
paper patterns; paper emblems; banners of paper; paper
badges; flags of paper; paperboard products; containers of
paper for packaging; paper and cardboard; paintings and
calligraphic works; decorative stickers for bicycles;
stationery and study materials
18
Handbag frames; purse frames; horse shoes; bags; pouches;
umbrellas and their parts; walking sticks; canes; metal
parts of canes and walking-sticks; handles for canes and
walking-sticks
25
Non-Japanese style outer clothing; coats; sweaters and the
like; shirts and the like; nightwear; underwear; swimwear or
bathing suits; bathing caps or swimming caps; camisoles;
t-shirts; clothes for sports; clothes for marine sports;
masquerade costumes; clothing; sleep masks; aprons; collar
protectors for wear; socks and stockings; puttees and
gaiters; fur stoles; shawls; scarves; japanese style socks
[tabi]; Japanese style socks cover; gloves and mittens;
neckties; neckerchiefs; bandanas or neckerchiefs; thermal
supporters [clothing]; mufflers; ear muffs; nightcaps;
headgear for wear; garters; sock suspenders; suspenders or
braces; waistbands; belts for clothing; footwear other than
boots for sports; Japanese style wooden clogs [geta];
Japanese style sandals [zori]; boots for sports; windsurfing
shoes
26
Buckles for clothing; eyelets for clothing; elastic tape;
ribbons; armbands; insignias for wear not of precious metal;
badges for wear not of precious metal; brooches for
clothing; special sash clips for obi [obi-dome]; bonnet pins
not of precious metal; ornamental adhesive patches for
jackets; brassards; hair ornaments; buttons; shoe ornaments
not of precious metal; shoe eyelets; shoe laces; metal
fasteners for shoes and boots; embroidered emblems
28
Amusement machines and apparatus for use in amusement park;
toys; dolls; go games; Japanese chess [shogi games];
Japanese playing cards [utagaruta]; dice; Japanese dice
games [sugoroku]; dice cups; diamond games; chess games;
checkers; conjuring apparatus; dominos; playing cards;
Japanese playing cards [hanafuda]; mah-jong; game machines
and apparatus; billiard equipment; sports equipment other
than for climbing; sports equipment for surfing,
water-skiing and scuba diving; fairground ride apparatus for
amusement park; fishing tackle; printed lottery tickets
35
Advertising and publicity services; business management
analysis or business consultancy; market research or
marketing studies; providing information concerning
commercial sales; business management of hotels; retail
services or wholesale services for a variety of goods in
each field of clothing, foods and beverages, and living
ware, carrying all goods together; retail services or
wholesale services for clothing; retail services or
wholesale services for footwear; retail services or
wholesale services for bags and pouches; retail services or
wholesale services for personal articles; retail services or
wholesale services for automobiles; retail services or
wholesale services for two-wheeled motor vehicles; retail
services or wholesale services for bicycles; retail services
or wholesale services for agricultural machines, implements
and supplies; retail services or wholesale services for
printed matter; retail services or wholesale services for
paper and stationery; retail services or wholesale services
for sports goods; retail services or wholesale services for
toys, dolls, game machines and apparatus; retail services or
wholesale services for clocks, watches and spectacles;
retail services or wholesale services for tobaccos and
smokers' articles
37
Installation, check, repair or maintenance of gas turbines,
power generators; repair or maintenance of power generation
plants; repair or maintenance of boilers; repair or
maintenance of heat exchangers; repair or maintenance of
nuclear power plants; repair or maintenance of waste
disposal plant; repair or maintenance of washing or cleaning
apparatus for LCD, panel, semiconductor or solar battery;
repair or maintenance of processing equipments for LCD,
panel, semiconductor, solar battery or FRP; repair or
maintenance of fiber processing plant; repair or maintenance
of movable floor lifting machines and apparatus; repair or
maintenance of vibration sieving machines for industrial
use; repair or maintenance of metal working machines and
tools; repair or maintenance of loading-unloading machines
and apparatus; repair or maintenance of material supplying
devices for metalworking; repair or maintenance of washing
apparatus; repair or maintenance of fairground ride
apparatus; repair or maintenance of solar power units;
repair or maintenance of power generation system; repair or
maintenance of electricity transporting or distributing
equipment and apparatus; repair or maintenance of medical
machines and apparatus; repair or maintenance of automated
cell culture machines and apparatus; repair or maintenance
of hydro power units; repair or maintenance of wind
turbines; repair or maintenance of tidal energy generator;
repair or maintenance of aircraft washing installation;
repair or maintenance of handling system for luggage,
baggage or cargo at airport; repair or maintenance of hold
baggage screening machines; repair or maintenance of hold
baggage screening system; repair or maintenance of waste
carbonization processing plant; repair or maintenance of
chemical plants; repair or maintenance of tube dryer for
industrial use; repair or maintenance of drying apparatus
for industrial use; repair or maintenance of flue gas
desulfurization plants; repair or maintenance of reservoirs
of metal; repair or maintenance of metal storage containers;
repair or maintenance of trailers; repair or maintenance of
fire fighting facility; repair or maintenance of
rocket-launching facility; repair or maintenance of
pipelines; repair or maintenance of waste incineration
plant; repair or maintenance of methane gas fermentative
treatment facility; repair or maintenance of chemical
processing machines and apparatus; repair or maintenance of
waste treatment plant; repair or maintenance of sewage
treatment equipment; repair or maintenance of sludge
treatment equipment; repair or maintenance of water
purification installations; repair or maintenance of cement
plant; repair or maintenance of nonferrous metal plants;
repair or maintenance of waste disposing equipment; repair
or maintenance of mining machines and apparatus; repair or
maintenance of construction machines and apparatus; repair
or maintenance of tunnel boring machines; repair or
maintenance of shield machines; repair or maintenance of
materials conveying machines; repair or maintenance of
aircraft hangars; repair or maintenance of transporters for
heavy loads; repair or maintenance of industrial robots;
repair or maintenance of robots for medical purpose; repair
or maintenance of vessels; repair or maintenance of offshore
platforms; shipbuilding; repair of bicycles; repair or
maintenance of automobiles; repair or maintenance of
two-wheeled motor vehicles; repair or maintenance of
electric motors; repair or maintenance of power distribution
or control machines and apparatus; repair or maintenance of
power generators; repair or maintenance of plowing machines
and implements other than hand-held tools; repair or
maintenance of cultivating machines and implements; repair
or maintenance of harvesting machines and implements; repair
or maintenance of plant fiber processing machines and
implements; repair or maintenance of fodder presses; repair
or maintenance of fodder cutters; repair or maintenance of
fodder mixers; repair or maintenance of fodder mills; repair
or maintenance of electric power converter; repair or
maintenance of logistic system in hospital; repair or
maintenance of biomass power generation plant; repair or
maintenance of personal water crafts
41
Videotaping; photography services; film production, other
than advertising films; circuses; presentation of live
performances; microfilming; television entertainment;
operating lotteries; videotape editing; dubbing; coaching
[training]; teaching or education at schools; educational
examination; education information; practical training or
demonstration; vocational retraining; education or training
advice for vocational guidance; correspondence courses;
membership club services in the field of entertainment or
education; arranging and conducting of symposiums; arranging
and conducting of conferences; arranging and conducting of
colloquiums; organization of competitions in the field of
education or entertainment; animal training; zoological
garden services; lending libraries; publication of
electronic books and journals on-line; electronic desktop
publishing; publication of books; layout services, other
than for advertising purposes; recreation information;
amusements; entertainment information; sport camp services;
party planning for entertainment; holiday camp services for
entertainment; movie studios; recording studio services;
rental of tennis courts; timing of sports events; providing
sports facilities; rental of sports grounds; game services
provided on-line from a computer network; music-halls;
providing museum facilities for presentation or exhibitions
purposes; booking of seats for shows; rental of cine-films;
rental of skin diving equipment; rental of sports equipment,
except vehicles; rental of camcorders or cameras; rental of
radio and television sets; rental of sound recordings;
rental of videotapes; toy rental; games equipment rental;
rental of lighting apparatus for theatrical sets or
television studios; photographic reporting; language
interpreter services; translation; news reporters services;
organization of fairs and exhibitions in the field of
culture or education; organization of sports competitions;
arranging, conducting and organization of seminars or
workshops; rental of film negatives; rental of film
positives; robotic manipulation instruction; providing
facilities for movies, shows, plays, music or educational
training; presentation of movies, shows, plays or musical
performances; rental of cinematographic machines and
apparatus; production of radio and television programs for
others through the operation of video and audio equipment;
educational and instruction services relating to arts,
crafts, sports or general knowledge; organization, arranging
and conducting of boat races; organization, arranging and
conducting of horse races; organization, arranging and
conducting of bicycle races; production of videotape films
in the field of education, culture, entertainment or sports
[not for movies, radio or television programs and not for
advertising or publicity]; organization of entertainment
events excluding movies, shows, plays, musical performances,
sports, horse races, bicycle races, boat races and auto
races; providing amusement facilities; review courses for
state examinations; exhibitions in museum of products, scale
models, replicas, samples or printed materials to
demonstrate the history of science or traffic technology and
railways, vehicles, vessels and airplanes; vehicle-driving
instruction; rental of paintings and calligraphic works;
organization, arranging and conducting of auto races;
boat-driving instruction; plant exhibitions; services of
reference libraries for literature and documentary records;
garden exhibitions; providing electronic publications;
motorcycle-driving instruction; organisation of art
exhibitions; production of radio and television programmes;
directing of radio or television programs; rental of
amusement machines and apparatus; rental of game machines
and apparatus
42
Design of computer software for logistic system in
hospitals, computer programming for logistic system in
hospitals, maintenance of computer software for logistic
system in hospitals; providing programs for programmable
controller; computer software design, computer programming,
or maintenance of computer software; computer software
design for programmable controller, computer programming for
programmable controller, or maintenance of computer software
for programmable controller; testing, inspection or research
of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics or foodstuff; providing
computer programs; providing information on donation of
human corpses for medical research; arranging of donation of
human corpses for medical research; rental of telescopes and
microscopes
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