HITACHI

goods and services

1 Chemicals used in industry, science and photography, as well as in agriculture, horticulture and forestry; unprocessed artificial resins, unprocessed plastics; manures; fire extinguishing compositions; tempering and soldering preparations; chemical substances for preserving foodstuffs; tanning substances; adhesives used in industry; diagnostic preparations other than for medical or veterinary purposes; ceramics for use in the manufacture of electronic components

2 Paints, varnishes, lacquers; preservatives against corrosion or rust and against deterioration of wood; colorants, colorants for foodstuffs and beverages, dyestuffs for clothing; mordants; raw natural resins; metals in foil and powder form for painters, decorators, printers and artists

3 Bleaching preparations and other substances for laundry use; cleaning, polishing, scouring and abrasive preparations; soaps; perfumery, essential oils, cosmetics, toiletries, hair lotions; and dentifrices

4 Industrial oils and greases; lubricants; dust absorbing, wetting and binding compositions; fuels (including motor spirit) and illuminants; candles, and wicks for lighting

5 Pharmaceutical and veterinary preparations; preparations for medical purposes; sanitary preparations; dietetic substances adapted for medical use, food for babies; plasters, materials for dressings; materials for stopping teeth, dental wax; disinfectants; preparations for destroying vermin; fungicides, herbicides; diagnostic preparations included in class 5

6 Common metals and their alloys; unwrought and partly wrought common metals and products made there from; superconductors; metal building materials; transportable buildings of metal; materials of metal for railway tracks; non-electric cables and wires of common metal; ironmongery, small items of metal hardware; pipes and tubes of metal; safes; goods of common metal not included in other classes; ores; tool steel; copper and copper alloys; forged, moulded and cast parts manufactured from metal; rolling bars; pipe fittings; valves; tubes, strips, bars and tapes, all of copper; clad metal products; metal-clad laminates; copper-clad laminated sheets; moulded parts; bus ducts; trolley bus ducts; and parts and fittings for the aforesaid goods

7 Machines and machine tools; motors and engines (except for land vehicles); machine coupling and transmission components (except for land vehicles); agricultural implements other than hand-operated; incubators for eggs; metal working machines and tools; milling machines; drilling machines; turning machines; metal forming machines; power driven hand-held tools; metal cutting tools; cemented carbide tools; diamond cutting tools; molds and dies for metal products; mining machinery; borehole drilling machines; rock drills; oil well pumps; tool sharpeners; construction and civil engineering plant and machinery; cargo handling apparatus, cranes, conveyors, winches, elevators, escalators, jacks and hoppers; chemical plant apparatus and machinery; textile machinery, silk processing machines, artificial yarn processing machines, spinning machines, looms, knitting machines, felt manufacturing machines, dyeing machines, and textile finishing machines; food and beverage processing machines and apparatus; aquatic products processing machines; bottling machinery; lumber machines; woodworking machines; veneer and plywood working machines; pulp and paper making machines; paper processing machines; paper product making machines; machines for printing, book binding, packaging and wrapping; internal combustion engines, steam engines, jet engines, rocket engines, turbines, compressed air engines, atomic energy motors, all except for land vehicles; water mills, windmills; pneumatic and hydraulic machines; pumps included in class 7; blowers, compressors; agricultural machines and implements included in class 7; sericultural machines and apparatus; fishing machines and implements; sewing machines; glassware manufacturing machines; shoe making machines; leather tanning machines; tobacco processing machines; starters for motors and engines, included in class 7; AC and DC electric motors, except for land vehicles; AC and DC electric generators; lawnmowers; mechanical parking installations; vehicle washing installations; dishwashers, electric washing machines, hydroextractors, garment pressers, all for industrial use; spraying apparatus; apparatus for crushing, shredding and/or compacting waste; potters wheels; painting machines; plastics processing machines; printed circuit board drilling machines; machining centres; integrated circuit manufacturing apparatus; semiconductor element manufacturing apparatus; defect inspection apparatus and equipment; PWB drilling machines, laser drilling machines, PWB routing machines, PWB hole analysers; digital direct exposure, laser trimming machines, checker jig machines; rubber processing machines; factory automation machines; stoneworking machines; bearings, shafts and couplings; power transmissions, pulleys, cams, gears, belts and chains; buffers, shock absorbers and springs; brakes; valves included in class 7; industrial robots; elevators, escalators and moving walkways; magnetic separators; tunnelling machines; electrochemical machines; coil winding machines; electric dust collectors; electric discharge machines; brake linings, brake segments and brake shoes other than for vehicles; parts and fittings for automobile engines, all included in class 7; household electric appliances, in particular washing machines, blenders, juicers, can openers, dishwashers, waste disposers, wax-polishing machines, vacuum cleaners, electrically operated curtain drawers and electrically operated brushes; power floor cleaners; food processors; compressors; parts, fittings and accessories included in class 7 for all the aforesaid goods

8 Hand tools and implements (hand-operated); cutlery; side arms; razors, electric razors and clippers; penknives; parts and fittings for the aforesaid goods

9 Scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity; electronic components; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images; magnetic data carriers, recording discs; automatic vending machines; mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus; cash registers, calculating machines, data processing equipment and computers; fire-extinguishing apparatus; apparatus and instruments for chemical and physical laboratories; sample preparation apparatus and equipment; measuring apparatus and instruments; automatic control apparatus; materials testing apparatus; electrical power distribution and control apparatus; electric batteries; electric, magnetic and electromagnetic measuring apparatus and meters; sensors; electric wires and cables; spectacles, contact lenses; electrical communication apparatus and instruments, including telephone sets, telephone exchange apparatus, teletypewriters, telegraph apparatus and facsimile machines; broadcasting apparatus, including digital receivers, digital recorders, television receivers, television cameras, television transmitters, radio receivers and transmitters, radio communication apparatus and radar apparatus, radio antennae; televisions, LCD televisions, plasma televisions; plasma displays; plasma monitors; projectors, home cinema projectors; remote control telemetry apparatus, vehicle telemetry; loudspeakers, public address systems, jukeboxes, tape recorders and players, record players, video cameras, DVD cameras, video tape and DVD players, video recorders; antennae; microphones; metronomes; phonograph records, DVDs and video tapes, compact discs, CD-ROMs, floppy discs, magnetic tapes and cards; electronic, magnetic and ultrasonic apparatus and instruments for scientific purposes; electron microscopes; electrostatic copying and photo-copying machines; scanners; computers, computer peripheral equipment, hard disk drives, computer memories, computer network servers, computer programs, computer software, data storage apparatus, desk-top computers, microprocessors, data processing apparatus, word processors, computer print-out apparatus, data in electronic, magnetic and optical form; electronic publications (downloadable); digital files; digital files (downloadable); digital images and films; digital images and films (downloadable); digital sound recordings; digital sound recordings (downloadable); electric calculators; cathode ray tubes; X-ray tubes (not for medical use); semiconductor elements; integrated circuits; integrated circuit chips; inlets, namely integrated circuit chips with external antenna and tags in which integrated circuit chips are embedded; reading devices for integrated circuit chips; artificial earth satellites; video game apparatus; luminous and mechanical road signs; railway signalling apparatus; fire alarms; anti-theft warning apparatus; cinematographic films; photographic slides and transparencies; gasoline pumps for services stations; coin counting and sorting apparatus; time recording apparatus; punched card machines; voting machines; apparatus to check mail franking; divers' apparatus; electric welding apparatus; dog whistles; egg candlers; electric automatic door openers and closers; vehicle driving training simulators; sports training simulators; control apparatus for electric motors and generators; transformers, rectifiers, inverters, rotary converters, switches, circuit breakers, relays, capacitors, coils and resistors, all being electrical; fibre-optic cables; liquid crystal display devices, magnets; biometric instruments and equipment; biometric scanners; computer log in systems; PC log in systems; access control systems; door access control systems; automated teller machines (ATMs); authentication and identification equipment and systems; electrically heated hair curlers; electric flat irons; electric timer switches; electronic thermometers; safety hats, protective helmets, masks and gloves; fire proof clothing ear plugs and defenders, safety clothing; passenger safety equipment, automatic barriers, passenger gates; mousemats; parts and fittings for the aforesaid goods

10 Surgical, medical, dental and veterinary apparatus, instruments and articles, magnetic and ultrasonic apparatus and instruments for medical purposes; magnetic resonance imaging equipment; CT equipment; tomography units; artificial limbs, eyes and teeth; orthopaedic articles; suture materials; parts and fittings for the aforesaid goods

11 Apparatus for lighting, heating, steam generating, cooking, refrigerating, drying, ventilating, water supply and sanitary purposes; electric lamps; lighting fixtures; electric torches; lamp shades; paper lanterns; gas lamps; oil lamps; industrial furnaces, kilns and ovens; power plants; nuclear reactors; gas, coal and oil-fired heaters, boilers, ranges and stoves; condensing units; refrigerators, freezers, ice-making machines, ice boxes; hair dryers, hair steamers, towel steamers; cookers, roasters, deep-fryers; drying apparatus; milk pasteurisers; heat recovery pumps, steamers, evaporators, distillation apparatus; heat exchangers; water heaters, air conditioning apparatus and equipment, climate control apparatus and equipment; heating radiators; household electric heating appliances, clothes dryers, electric cooking utensils, coffee makers, portable cookers, room heaters, foot warmers, toasters, braziers, bed warmers, blankets, kettles, rice cookers and egg cookers; fans, dehumidifiers and humidifiers; dish disinfectors; bath installations and fittings, baths, showers, wash hand basins; water purifying and filtering apparatus; taps (faucets); level controlling valves in tanks; pipeline cocks; septic tanks; sewage tanks; incinerators; solar water heaters; toilets (water closets); warming pans; hot water bottles; heating/cooling devices filled with chemical substances; water coolers; air and water pollution control apparatus; microwave ovens; floor heating panels; kitchen sinks; parts and fittings included in class 11 for all the aforesaid goods

12 Apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water; vehicles, motor vehicles, trains and rolling stock, air cushion vehicles; motors and engines for land vehicles; coupling and transmission components for land vehicles; construction vehicles; parts and fittings for the aforesaid goods

13 Firearms; ammunition and projectiles; explosives; fireworks; pyrotechnical products; parts and fittings for the aforesaid goods

14 Precious metals and their alloys; wrought and semi wrought precious metals and their alloys; gold, silver, platinum iridium, osmium, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium and their alloys; goods and decorative items made of precious metals or coated therewith, not included in other classes; jewellery, imitation jewellery, precious stones; gem stones and artificial gem stones; horological and chronometric instruments; clocks and watches; key rings; parts and fittings for all the aforesaid goods

15 Musical instruments; parts and fittings for the aforesaid goods

16 Paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials, not included in other classes; printed matter; publications; bookbinding material; photographs; stationery; pens, pencils; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artists' materials; paint brushes; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture), paper knives; educational, instructional and teaching material (except apparatus), instruction manuals, technical literature; plastic materials for wrapping and packaging (not included in other classes); playing cards; printers' type; printing blocks; flags of paper

17 Rubber, gutta-percha, gum, asbestos, mica and goods made from these materials and not included in other classes; plastics in extruded form for use in manufacture; packing, stopping and insulating materials, electrical, thermal and acoustic insulating materials and plastics; flexible pipes, hoses not of metal; fluorpolymer materials

18 Leather and imitations of leather, and goods made of these materials and not included in other classes; animal skins, hides; bags; trunks and travelling bags; travel goods; umbrellas, parasols and walking sticks; whips, harness and saddlery; parts and fittings for the aforesaid goods

19 Building materials (non-metallic), semi-worked woods, veneers, building glass, glass granules; non-metallic rigid pipes for building; asphalt, pitch and bitumen; non-metallic transportable buildings; monuments, not of metal

20 Furniture, mirrors, picture frames; goods (not included in other classes) of wood, cork, reed, cane, wicker, horn, bone, ivory, whalebone, shell, amber, mother-of-pearl, meerschaum and substitutes for all these materials, or of plastics; registration number plates; mattresses, sprung mattresses and pillows; parts and fittings for the aforesaid goods

21 Household or kitchen utensils and containers; combs and sponges; brushes (except paint brushes); brush-making materials; articles for cleaning purposes; steel wool; unworked or semi-worked glass (except glass used in building); glassware, porcelain and earthenware not included in other classes; parts and fittings for the aforesaid goods

22 Ropes, cords, string, nets, tents, awnings, tarpaulins, sails, sacks and bags (not included in other classes); padding and stuffing materials (except of rubber or plastics); raw fibrous textile materials

23 Yarns and threads, for textile use

24 Textiles and textile goods; flags; towels; bed and table covers

25 Clothing, footwear, headgear

26 Lace and embroidery, ribbons and braid; buttons, hooks and eyes, pins and needles; artificial flowers; badges, brooches

27 Carpets, rugs, mats and matting, linoleum and other materials for covering existing floors; wall hangings (non-textile)

28 Games and playthings; toys; toy vehicles; automatic and coin operated amusement machines gymnastic and sporting articles not included in other classes; decorations for Christmas trees; parts and fittings for the aforesaid goods

29 Meat, fish, poultry and game; meat extracts; preserved, frozen, dried and cooked fruits and vegetables; jellies, jams, compotes; eggs, milk and milk products; edible oils and fats; prepared meals; snack foods

30 Coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar, rice, tapioca, sago, artificial coffee; flour and preparations made from cereals, bread, pastry and confectionery, chewing gum,chocolate, ices; honey, treacle; yeast, baking-powder; salt, mustard; vinegar, sauces (condiments); spices; ice; nuts; prepared meals; snack foods; fruit sauces

31 Agricultural, horticultural and forestry products and grains not included in other classes; live animals; fresh fruits and vegetables; seeds, natural plants and flowers; foodstuffs for animals, malt

32 Beers; mineral and aerated waters and other non-alcoholic drinks; fruit drinks and fruit juices; syrups and other preparations for making beverages

33 Alcoholic beverages (except beers)

34 Tobacco; smokers' articles; matches; cigarette lighters; humidors

35 Advertising; marketing research services; business management; business administration; office functions; human resource/ personnel services; retail services connected with the sale of wine, used cars, scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity; electronic components; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images; magnetic data carriers, recording discs; automatic vending machines; mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus; cash registers, calculating machines, data processing equipment and computers; fire-extinguishing apparatus; apparatus and instruments for chemical and physical laboratories; sample preparation apparatus and equipment; measuring apparatus and instruments; automatic control apparatus; materials testing apparatus; electrical power distribution and control apparatus; electric batteries; electric, magnetic and electromagnetic measuring apparatus and meters; sensors; electric wires and cables; spectacles, contact lenses; electrical communication apparatus and instruments, including telephone sets, telephone exchange apparatus, teletypewriters, telegraph apparatus and facsimile machines; broadcasting apparatus, including digital receivers, digital recorders, television receivers, television cameras, television transmitters, radio receivers and transmitters, radio communication apparatus and radar apparatus, radio antennae; televisions, LCD televisions, plasma televisions; plasma displays; plasma monitors; projectors, home cinema projectors; remote control telemetry apparatus, vehicle telemetry; loudspeakers, public address systems, jukeboxes, tape recorders and players, record players, video cameras, DVD cameras, video tape and DVD players, video recorders; antennae; microphones; metronomes; phonograph records, DVDs and video tapes, compact discs, CD-ROMs, floppy discs, magnetic tapes and cards; electronic, magnetic and ultrasonic apparatus and instruments for scientific purposes; electron microscopes; electrostatic copying and photo-copying machines; scanners; computers, computer peripheral equipment, hard disk drives, computer memories, computer network servers, computer programs, computer software, data storage apparatus, desk-top computers, microprocessors, data processing apparatus, word processors, computer print-out apparatus, data in electronic, magnetic and optical form; electronic publications (downloadable); digital files; digital files (downloadable); digital images and films; digital images and films (downloadable); digital sound recordings; digital sound recordings (downloadable); electric calculators; cathode ray tubes; X-ray tubes (not for medical use); semiconductor elements; integrated circuits; integrated circuit chips; inlets, namely integrated circuit chips with external antenna and tags in which integrated circuit chips are embedded; reading devices for integrated circuit chips; artificial earth satellites; video game apparatus; luminous and mechanical road signs; railway signalling apparatus; fire alarms; anti-theft warning apparatus; cinematographic films; photographic slides and transparencies; gasoline pumps for services stations; coin counting and sorting apparatus; time recording apparatus; punched card machines; voting machines; apparatus to check mail franking; divers' apparatus; electric welding apparatus; dog whistles; egg candlers; electric automatic door openers and closers; vehicle driving training simulators; sports training simulators; control apparatus for electric motors and generators; transformers, rectifiers, inverters, rotary converters, switches, circuit breakers, relays, capacitors, coils and resistors, all being electrical; fibre-optic cables; liquid crystal display devices, magnets; biometric instruments and equipment; biometric scanners; computer log in systems; PC log in systems; access control systems; door access control systems; automated teller machines (ATMs); authentication and identification equipment and systems; electrically heated hair curlers; electric flat irons; electric timer switches; electronic thermometers; safety hats, protective helmets, masks and gloves; fire proof clothing ear plugs and defenders, safety clothing; passenger safety equipment, automatic barriers, passenger gates; mousemats; air conditioners, shavers, vacuum cleaners, construction apparatus and equipment including cranes, lifting apparatus and equipment, hoisting apparatus and equipment, excavating apparatus and equipment, machine tools, milling cutters, vehicles for use in construction including dump trucks, crawler carriers, wheel loaders, power tools, drills, cordless drills, screwdrivers, hammers, rotary hammers, rotary demolition hammers and breakers, metal working tools, wood working tools, automotive components, parts and products including brake systems, suspension systems, fuel dispensing apparatus and equipment, transport apparatus and equipment, including rail transport apparatus and equipment, trains, locomotives, rolling stock, chemicals, chemicals and compounds used in industry, science, manufacture and development of semi-conductors, manufacture and development of display and optics related materials, manufacture and development of performance resins and materials, manufacture and development of molding resins and compounds, manufacture and development of carbon and ceramics materials, manufacture and development of film products, manufacture and development of base materials for Printed Wiring Boards (PWBs), manufacture and development of PWBs, manufacture and development of materials for use in the manufacture of PWBs, metals and metal products and materials, power plants, gas turbines, steam turbines, steam generating equipment, environmental control systems for industrial plants; advertising; business management; business administration; office functions; compilation of databases; compilation of digital databases; supply chain management, customs clearance, ticketing and labelling, document preparation; customer service support; vehicle fleet management services; advisory, information and consultancy services relating to the aforesaid services

36 Insurance; finance; insurance services, insurance brokerage; actuarial services; financial services; monetary services; banking services; securities services; real estate services, land management services; provision of financial information; analysis of financial information; provision of stock market information tax advice; charitable fund raising; advisory, information and consultancy services relating to the aforesaid services

37 Building construction; construction, repair; maintenance, installation services; electric appliance installation and repair; air conditioning and heating apparatus installation and repair; construction and industrial plant repair and maintenance services; machinery installation maintenance and repair; restoration and renovation services; demolition services; cleaning services; disinfecting services; artificial snow making services; rental of construction equipment and plant; drilling of wells; mining extraction; quarrying; shipbuilding; extermination of vermin; civil engineering; advisory, information and consultancy services relating to the aforesaid services

38 Telecommunications; communications services; broadcasting; computer aided transmission of messages and images; communications by computer terminals; communications by fibre optic networks; provision of access to databases; rental of telecommunications equipment, rental of communications equipment; advisory, information and consultancy services relating to the aforesaid services

39 Transport; distribution and transport logistics services; packaging and storage of goods; travel arrangement; freight management; freight brokerage; shipping services including rental/leasing/selling/purchasing/chartering of ships, rental/leasing containers; energy distribution and supply; salvage and refloating of ships and boats; waste collection; advisory, information and consultancy services relating to the aforesaid services

40 Treatment of materials; semiconductor and integrated circuit foundry services; custom manufacture and assembly of electrical and electronic products and semiconductors to the order and/or specification of others; test manufacturing of semiconductors to the order and/or specification of others; offset, photogravure, screen, lithographic and typographic printing; processing of photographs and film; rental and leasing of knitting machines, sewing machines; disposal and recycling of waste; advisory, information and consultancy services relating to the aforesaid services

41 Education; providing and arranging training; entertainment; sporting and cultural activities; digital imaging services; providing on-line electronic publications (not downloadable); electronic publication of material on-line; photography interpretation; translation; nursery schools; rental and hire of exhibition facilities; advisory, information and consultancy services relating to the aforesaid services

42 Scientific and technological services and research and design relating thereto; scientific reseach; industrial design; industrial analysis and research services; laboratory services; multimedia design services; design and development of computer hardware and software; providing meteorological information; architectural design; surveying, land and geological surveys or research; research and prospecting; designing of machines, apparatus, and instruments (including their parts) or systems composed of such machines, apparatus and instruments; designing; computer software design, computer programming, installation, maintenance and repair of computer software; technological consultation and advisory services; provision of technical information and explanations relating to specification, function, performance, operation etc, of computers, automobiles, medical or scientific equipment and other machines that require high levels of personal knowledge, skill or experience on the part of their operators in order to attain the intended accuracy in their operation; testing, screening, inspection and research of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and/or foodstuffs; research services relating to building construction and/or city planning; testing and research in relation to prevention of pollution and environmental matters, testing and research in relation to electricity and the electrical industry; engineering; testing and research in relation to civil engineering; commissioning of power plants; testing, inspection and research services in relation to agriculture, livestock breeding, fisheries and marine product industries, testing and research in relation to machines, apparatus and instruments; rental of measuring apparatus and instruments; rental of computers; rental of central processing units, data carriers, hard disk drives; data storage equipment, computer peripheral equipment, magnetic data carriers; rental of laboratory apparatus and instruments, rental of ultrasonic diagnostic equipment, rental of drawing instruments; rental and hire of vending machines; advisory, consultancy and information services relating to the aforesaid services

43 Services for providing food and drink; temporary accommodation; accommodation bureaux and reservation services; restaurants, in particular restaurants serving Japanese, Chinese, Indian, Italian, Spanish, French and Russian foods; cafes, cafeterias and bars; day nurseries; rental and hire of vending machines; advisory, consultancy and information services relating to the aforesaid services

44 Medical services; veterinary services; hygienic and beauty care for human beings or animals; agriculture, horticulture and forestry services; hairdressing and beauty salons; public baths gardening and landscape gardening; fertilizer spreading; weed killing and prevention; rental and hire of combine harvesters; vermin exterminating (for agriculture, horticulture and forestry); massage, therapeutic finger pressing, moxibustion, bone re-setting, acupuncture; physical examinations; dentistry; preparation of medicines; dietary and nutritional guidance; veterinary diagnosis; geriatric care; advisory, consultancy and information services relating to the aforesaid services

45 Personal and social services rendered by others to meet the needs of individuals; marriage bureau, dating services, arranging weddings and wedding receptions; funeral services; rental and hire of altars; security services for the protection of property and individuals; security consultancy, guards, night guards, personal body guards; detective agencies; agencies for industrial property procedures and preparation of expert opinions; legal services, research and advice; intellectual property consultancy and exploitation; advisory, consultancy and information services relating to the aforesaid services; brokerage; rental of clothing, potted plants, quilts and mattresses; rental and hire of fire extinguishers; advisory, consultancy and information services relating to the aforesaid services

Trademark form	Word mark
File reference	007600539

Application date	February 13, 2009
Publication date	November 16, 2009
Entry date	March 1, 2010
Expiration date	February 13, 2029

Date	Document number	Area	Entry
April 12, 2023			Change Representative, Published
March 30, 2023			Change Representative, Published
March 17, 2023			Change Representative, Published
December 14, 2020			Change Representative, Published
November 8, 2018			Extension, Trade mark renewed
November 13, 2017			Change Representative, Published
February 20, 2017			Change Representative, Published
January 25, 2017			Change Representative, Published
January 20, 2014			Change Representative, Published
June 10, 2013			Transfer / Change of address, Published
July 22, 2011			Change Representative, Published

Protect this trademark from copycats!

Trademark Details Last update: February 9, 2024

Trademark owner

Trademark representatives

goods and services

Trademark history